The first lesson to learn the basics of Linux Ubuntu will talk about
the general introduction about the Linux operating system and will also
address some preliminary information about Ubuntu.
History of Linux (Linux system)
In 1970 a new system called Unix was an open-source, which made it attracts a lot of companies, institutions and universities, and in 1983 the company called AT & T restricted the system & the code and prevent making them available to others, and that any institution that wants a copy of Unix to ask permission from the company to use; which raised and angered many people.
Most angry was someone named "Richard Stallman" (the founder of the free software movement, and the project GNU), causing him to begin writing the GNU project in 1984 immediately after just one year from the closing code Unix, while in 1985 founded the Richard movement and the Free Software Foundation non-profit, so as to provide support for the GNU project and Free software, and later joined the project, thousands of programmers and volunteers from different parts of the world.
After the completion of the development and writing many parts of the system and software GNU, was then it lacks one thing, but it is very important, and that is the nucleus (the Kernel), and in the meantime, specifically in 1991 the student named "Linus Torvalds" (developer of Linux) creates a Kernel of the system GNU has called Linux, and in this way the system resulted in the following manner:
GNU tools + kernel (Linux) = integrated operating system (GNU / LINUX).
Ubuntu is a Linux distribution, is a Debian-based Linux operating system and distribution for personal computers, smartphones and network servers. It uses Unity as its default user interface. It is based on free software and named after the Southern African philosophy of ubuntu (literally, "human-ness"), which often is translated as "humanity towards others" or "the belief in a universal bond of sharing that connects all humanity! the presence of a large number of diverse distributions (up to more than 300) that differ in the interface appearance and the way of dealing and use, but they all share the core and tools GNU, and examples of Linux distributions: LinuxMint, Debian, Fedora , OpenSuse, Redhat, CentOS, ElementaryOS, Slackware, Kali, Arch, etc ...).-
We chose Ubuntu distro because the most popular and widely used and easily and applications are available in abundance.- Ubuntu designed by Canonical company owned by "Mark Shuttleworth," which was eager to establish a free open source system, Ubuntu is why reputation for Linux in this way due to the ease and simplicity for novice users and the abundance of their own applications.- The word Ubuntu is an African word (came from Zulu), humanitarian Manha towards others.- The latest version of Ubuntu is 15.10, but we recommend using version 16.04 because it is more stable and powered up in 2021, as opposed to version 15.10 subsidized for only nine months, and in this session we will use 16.04,
Ubuntu used interface (desktop) named Unity environment, and there are a lot of different interfaces in the Linux operating system, such as KDE, GNOME, XFCE, MATE, LXDE, Cinnamon and others. In Linux we have two types of dividends: Dividend a source: or distributions Zero, which has been built from scratch, such as Debian, Arch, Slackware, OpenSuse, etc ... The distributions are based: the distributions that have been built over the other distributions (or using other distributed), such as the distribution Ubuntu is based on Debian (was Ubuntu has introduced a huge number of amendments to Debian to make it better and easier for users), and another example: distribution LinuxMint a distro built on top of Ubuntu and purpose of facilitating the Ubuntu more and add some tools and add-ons; the vast majority of Linux distributions based and not a source (because it does not need to reinvent the wheel as long as there are systems can be built above and improve).
* See the following picture, which shows a tree fork Linux distributions:
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